How Do electrons carry thermal energy in Peltier coolers?












3















I've read when electrons enter from metal to semiconductor type N, they get energy in terms of thermal energy and make that side cooler and reverse happens when they leave semiconductor to the conductor.
why this happens ? How do electrons get their energy from environment ?









share



























    3















    I've read when electrons enter from metal to semiconductor type N, they get energy in terms of thermal energy and make that side cooler and reverse happens when they leave semiconductor to the conductor.
    why this happens ? How do electrons get their energy from environment ?









    share

























      3












      3








      3








      I've read when electrons enter from metal to semiconductor type N, they get energy in terms of thermal energy and make that side cooler and reverse happens when they leave semiconductor to the conductor.
      why this happens ? How do electrons get their energy from environment ?









      share














      I've read when electrons enter from metal to semiconductor type N, they get energy in terms of thermal energy and make that side cooler and reverse happens when they leave semiconductor to the conductor.
      why this happens ? How do electrons get their energy from environment ?







      thermal physics peltier cooling electron





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      asked 4 hours ago









      Pooya EstakhriPooya Estakhri

      1235




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          2 Answers
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          active

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          1














          This appears to simply be an observable effect. The best explanations are probably in mathematical equations, but the simplest phrasing I could find was that:




          "The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is
          accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at
          constant temperature. The magnitude of this heat current is given by
          $Pi cdot I$"




          (Pi times current), where $Pi$ is the peltier/seebeck coefficient of that material.



          This coefficient can be positive or negative and as a result materials can be paired and alternated in a zig zag to produce a favorable series electrical arrangement along with a parallel thermal arrangement.



          I've been unable to find anything regarding the precise mechanism (it makes sense to me that electrons would carry thermal energy in the direction they are flowing, but I'd like to know why thermal energy would flow against the actual flow of material). It could be an effect at the barrier regions of the materials as some of the other papers seem to suggest, with the electrons accepting a transfer of thermal energy in order to cross the barrier between different materials. This would appear to better account for negative coefficients. I think you should consider migrating this question to the physics stack exchange as they may be able to provide a more in depth model.






          share|improve this answer





















          • 1





            I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago






          • 1





            I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago













          • @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

            – K H
            59 mins ago



















          1














          What happens is that the electrons need to gain energy to jump the energy gap at the metal-semiconductor junction.
          metal-semiconductor junction



          The valence band is shown in the shaded area. In conductors the conductance band and the valence band overlap. In semiconductors there is an energy gap between the conductance and valance bands, as shown in the figure. A conducting electron must gain energy as it transitions from the conductance band in the conductor to the conductance band in the semiconductor and must lose energy vice versa. This energy is the thermal energy, hence heating or cooling. A similar argument applies for p-type semiconductors.






          share|improve this answer

























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            2 Answers
            2






            active

            oldest

            votes








            2 Answers
            2






            active

            oldest

            votes









            active

            oldest

            votes






            active

            oldest

            votes









            1














            This appears to simply be an observable effect. The best explanations are probably in mathematical equations, but the simplest phrasing I could find was that:




            "The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is
            accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at
            constant temperature. The magnitude of this heat current is given by
            $Pi cdot I$"




            (Pi times current), where $Pi$ is the peltier/seebeck coefficient of that material.



            This coefficient can be positive or negative and as a result materials can be paired and alternated in a zig zag to produce a favorable series electrical arrangement along with a parallel thermal arrangement.



            I've been unable to find anything regarding the precise mechanism (it makes sense to me that electrons would carry thermal energy in the direction they are flowing, but I'd like to know why thermal energy would flow against the actual flow of material). It could be an effect at the barrier regions of the materials as some of the other papers seem to suggest, with the electrons accepting a transfer of thermal energy in order to cross the barrier between different materials. This would appear to better account for negative coefficients. I think you should consider migrating this question to the physics stack exchange as they may be able to provide a more in depth model.






            share|improve this answer





















            • 1





              I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago






            • 1





              I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago













            • @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

              – K H
              59 mins ago
















            1














            This appears to simply be an observable effect. The best explanations are probably in mathematical equations, but the simplest phrasing I could find was that:




            "The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is
            accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at
            constant temperature. The magnitude of this heat current is given by
            $Pi cdot I$"




            (Pi times current), where $Pi$ is the peltier/seebeck coefficient of that material.



            This coefficient can be positive or negative and as a result materials can be paired and alternated in a zig zag to produce a favorable series electrical arrangement along with a parallel thermal arrangement.



            I've been unable to find anything regarding the precise mechanism (it makes sense to me that electrons would carry thermal energy in the direction they are flowing, but I'd like to know why thermal energy would flow against the actual flow of material). It could be an effect at the barrier regions of the materials as some of the other papers seem to suggest, with the electrons accepting a transfer of thermal energy in order to cross the barrier between different materials. This would appear to better account for negative coefficients. I think you should consider migrating this question to the physics stack exchange as they may be able to provide a more in depth model.






            share|improve this answer





















            • 1





              I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago






            • 1





              I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago













            • @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

              – K H
              59 mins ago














            1












            1








            1







            This appears to simply be an observable effect. The best explanations are probably in mathematical equations, but the simplest phrasing I could find was that:




            "The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is
            accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at
            constant temperature. The magnitude of this heat current is given by
            $Pi cdot I$"




            (Pi times current), where $Pi$ is the peltier/seebeck coefficient of that material.



            This coefficient can be positive or negative and as a result materials can be paired and alternated in a zig zag to produce a favorable series electrical arrangement along with a parallel thermal arrangement.



            I've been unable to find anything regarding the precise mechanism (it makes sense to me that electrons would carry thermal energy in the direction they are flowing, but I'd like to know why thermal energy would flow against the actual flow of material). It could be an effect at the barrier regions of the materials as some of the other papers seem to suggest, with the electrons accepting a transfer of thermal energy in order to cross the barrier between different materials. This would appear to better account for negative coefficients. I think you should consider migrating this question to the physics stack exchange as they may be able to provide a more in depth model.






            share|improve this answer















            This appears to simply be an observable effect. The best explanations are probably in mathematical equations, but the simplest phrasing I could find was that:




            "The Peltier effect is caused by the fact that an electric current is
            accompanied by a heat current in a homogeneous conductor even at
            constant temperature. The magnitude of this heat current is given by
            $Pi cdot I$"




            (Pi times current), where $Pi$ is the peltier/seebeck coefficient of that material.



            This coefficient can be positive or negative and as a result materials can be paired and alternated in a zig zag to produce a favorable series electrical arrangement along with a parallel thermal arrangement.



            I've been unable to find anything regarding the precise mechanism (it makes sense to me that electrons would carry thermal energy in the direction they are flowing, but I'd like to know why thermal energy would flow against the actual flow of material). It could be an effect at the barrier regions of the materials as some of the other papers seem to suggest, with the electrons accepting a transfer of thermal energy in order to cross the barrier between different materials. This would appear to better account for negative coefficients. I think you should consider migrating this question to the physics stack exchange as they may be able to provide a more in depth model.







            share|improve this answer














            share|improve this answer



            share|improve this answer








            edited 1 hour ago

























            answered 3 hours ago









            K HK H

            1,942113




            1,942113








            • 1





              I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago






            • 1





              I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago













            • @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

              – K H
              59 mins ago














            • 1





              I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago






            • 1





              I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

              – Sparky256
              1 hour ago













            • @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

              – K H
              59 mins ago








            1




            1





            I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago





            I fixed your markup. Look and see what changes I made. Also ALWAYS highlight quoted material and ALWAYS name the source and provide a link. Your answer is very shallow without the extra info. In the future please write a more complete answer to avoid downvotes.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago




            1




            1





            I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago







            I stand corrected. In this case the capital Pi symbol is used. Please find the source of your quote.

            – Sparky256
            1 hour ago















            @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

            – K H
            59 mins ago





            @Sparky256 fixed. Hopefully I can find more though. Hmm actually I think the first article has it later in the same paragraph. Lol. I have to read this again a few times.

            – K H
            59 mins ago













            1














            What happens is that the electrons need to gain energy to jump the energy gap at the metal-semiconductor junction.
            metal-semiconductor junction



            The valence band is shown in the shaded area. In conductors the conductance band and the valence band overlap. In semiconductors there is an energy gap between the conductance and valance bands, as shown in the figure. A conducting electron must gain energy as it transitions from the conductance band in the conductor to the conductance band in the semiconductor and must lose energy vice versa. This energy is the thermal energy, hence heating or cooling. A similar argument applies for p-type semiconductors.






            share|improve this answer






























              1














              What happens is that the electrons need to gain energy to jump the energy gap at the metal-semiconductor junction.
              metal-semiconductor junction



              The valence band is shown in the shaded area. In conductors the conductance band and the valence band overlap. In semiconductors there is an energy gap between the conductance and valance bands, as shown in the figure. A conducting electron must gain energy as it transitions from the conductance band in the conductor to the conductance band in the semiconductor and must lose energy vice versa. This energy is the thermal energy, hence heating or cooling. A similar argument applies for p-type semiconductors.






              share|improve this answer




























                1












                1








                1







                What happens is that the electrons need to gain energy to jump the energy gap at the metal-semiconductor junction.
                metal-semiconductor junction



                The valence band is shown in the shaded area. In conductors the conductance band and the valence band overlap. In semiconductors there is an energy gap between the conductance and valance bands, as shown in the figure. A conducting electron must gain energy as it transitions from the conductance band in the conductor to the conductance band in the semiconductor and must lose energy vice versa. This energy is the thermal energy, hence heating or cooling. A similar argument applies for p-type semiconductors.






                share|improve this answer















                What happens is that the electrons need to gain energy to jump the energy gap at the metal-semiconductor junction.
                metal-semiconductor junction



                The valence band is shown in the shaded area. In conductors the conductance band and the valence band overlap. In semiconductors there is an energy gap between the conductance and valance bands, as shown in the figure. A conducting electron must gain energy as it transitions from the conductance band in the conductor to the conductance band in the semiconductor and must lose energy vice versa. This energy is the thermal energy, hence heating or cooling. A similar argument applies for p-type semiconductors.







                share|improve this answer














                share|improve this answer



                share|improve this answer








                edited 32 mins ago

























                answered 40 mins ago









                user110971user110971

                3,2591717




                3,2591717






























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